Planetary Colonization Mac OS
  • Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri is a 4X video game, considered a spiritual sequel to the Civilization series.Set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century, the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet Chiron ('Planet') in the Alpha Centauri star system.As the game progresses, Planet's growing sentience becomes a formidable obstacle to the human colonists.
  • How to install and play the game. Files for Mac can be run on all versions of OS X. You need to uncompress the 7z archive using the proper software (please use Keka to avoid problems). If the archive contains a DMG, double click it to mount the disk.

On January 24, 1984, Apple Computer Inc. (now Apple Inc.) introduced the Macintosh personal computer, retroactively renamed to the Macintosh 128K model. The operating system of early Macintoshes is named 'System Software' or 'System', and its ensuing series was later renamed to Mac OS after 7.5. The Macintosh platform is credited with having popularized the concept of the graphical user interface.

Azolla has enormous potential in space travel and colonization

In July 1980 the Vietnamese astronaut Phạm Tuân took samples of azolla to the Soviet Salyut-6 space station to determine its potential use in space travel and planetary colonization

Phạm Tuân, azolla space pioneer

Both of these habitats require closed-loop life support systems (CLLS), also known as controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS).

Luna Gaia – a CLLS habitat designed by an Australian-led team of scientists for the Moon or Mars

Azolla is ideally suited for CELSS due to the limited amount of available space in these habitats. azolla only needs a water depth of 2 to 3 centimeters (about one inch), so that it can be grown in multi-layered frames that require less space than other plants. This gives it an advantage over plants such as the sweet potato, which has also been proposed as for use in space stations because all of the plant is edible. However, plants such as the sweet potato require a relatively large growing area and they take several months to mature, as do rice and wheat, two of the other candidates for food in space. This contrasts with azolla’s ability to double its biomass in just two to three days.

Phạm Tuân’s results were encouraging and other teams of scientists have subsequently investigated azolla’s potential to both provide food and remove waste products including urine purification in space and planetary CELSS. These studies were mainly based in China, Japan and Russia:

  • The College of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
  • The Azolla Research Center, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
  • The China Helicopter Design Institute, Jingdezhen, China
  • Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
  • National Azolla Research Center, Fujian, China
  • Obayashi Corporation, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
  • Nagoya Women’s University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
  • Gonbeh Institute of Advanced Study, Yokahama, Japan
  • Institute of Environmental Microbiology, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
  • Okayama University, Tsushimanaka, Okayama, Japan
  • Space Agricultural Task Force., Japan
  • Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the Ukraine, SSR Academy of Sciences
  • SSC-Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow, Russia

To give just one example, a Chinese team led by Xiaofeng Liu conducted experiments to determine the capacity of azolla to provide oxygen within an “azolla-human” ecosystem of CELSS. Their results showed that in a CELSS, azolla plants with a growing area of 16 square meters were able to provide the oxygen used by two adults (Liu et al., 2008).

Few western scientists have published on this intriguing use of azolla other thanFrancisco Carrapiço at Lisbon University (Carrapiço, 2001) who also recommended azolla’s use for space and planetary colonization.

Based on the results of these studies, it is not difficult to visualize enclosed environments in space or on the surface of other planets containing layers of shallow trays filled with the green azolla plants providing the human inhabitants with life-giving oxygen and food.

This would be ideal for domed habitats on the moon or other planets – a crucial step towards our exploration and colonization of space.

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Biology Faculty Articles

Title

Authors

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

8-22-2019

Publication Title

Mac

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

Keywords

Microorganisms, Solar System, Colonization, Mars, Planetary Protection Policy

ISSN

Planetary Colonization Mac Os X

0168-6496

Planetary Colonization Mac Os Catalina

Abstract

Based on modern microbiology, we propose a major revision in current space exploration philosophy and planetary protection policy, especially regarding microorganisms in space. Mainly, microbial introduction should not be considered accidental but inevitable. We hypothesize the near impossibility of exploring new planets without carrying and/or delivering any microbial travelers. In addition, although we highlight the importance of controlling and tracking such contaminations—to explore the existence of extraterrestrial microorganisms—we also believe that we must discuss the role of microbes as primary colonists and assets, rather than serendipitous accidents, for future plans of extraterrestrial colonization. This paradigm shift stems partly from the overwhelming evidence of microorganisms’ diverse roles in sustaining life on Earth, such as symbioses and ecosystem services (decomposition, atmosphere effects, nitrogen fixation etc).

Therefore, we propose a framework for new discussion based on the scientific implications of future colonization and terraforming: (i) focus on methods to track and avoid accidental delivery of Earth's harmful microorganisms and genes to extraterrestrial areas; (ii), begin a rigorous program to develop and explore ‘Proactive Inoculation Protocols’ (PIP). We outline a rationale and solicit feedback to drive a public and private research agenda that optimizes diverse organisms for potential space colonization.

NSUWorks Citation

Planetary Colonization Mac Os Download

Lopez, Jose; Raquel S. Peixoto; and Alexandre S. Rosado. 2019. 'Inevitable Future: Space Colonization Beyond Earth with Microbes First.' FEMS Microbiology Ecology , (). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz127.

ORCID ID

0000-0002-1637-4125

DOI

10.1093/femsec/fiz127

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